Modern Political Thought

School of Politics and International Relations Modern Political Thought II POL206 2012-13 Module Convenor: Dr Madeleine Davis Email: m. j. [email  protected] ac. uk Office hours: Semester 1 Thursday 2-3pm, Friday 11-12am, Semester 2 Thursday 23pm, Friday 1-2pm. Office location: Arts One, Room 2. 28b Timetable: Lectures: Thursdays at 10 am Seminars: Thursdays (see QM+ and School notice board for details) 1 1. Welcome from the convenor This module handbook provides you with essential information. The handbook details the topics covered each week.You should use the reading lists provided to help you prepare for lectures and seminars. You should read the handbook carefully before you begin the module, and you should bring it with you every week to lectures and seminars. The first few pages give you some general information and advice on how the module will be taught and assessed, as well as guidelines on preparing and presenting your work. The rest of the handbook is a guide to module content, including a week by week guide to lecture and seminar themes, with essential and additional readings clearly indicated for each topic.Copies of this module outline and other handouts are available from the folders on the wall outside the School Office on the second floor of the Arts Building. The module outline for the spring semester will be available at the end of the autumn semester. Announcements relating to the module will be distributed via email to your QM email account or via QM+, and it is your responsibility if you miss any of these announcements. There will be a weekly lecture for the module at 10 am on Thursdays. Seminars also take place on Thursday and you will be assigned to one of these. . Module description This second year core module is compulsory for all Politics and Politics/History students, because we think an understanding of the history, structures and main concepts of political thinking is necessary for appreciating the institutions and arguments of modern political life, as you will study it in other modules. The skills you learn in dealing with more abstract and normative ideas, as well as in evaluating rational arguments, are also essential for studying all parts of the discipline.The module builds on the analysis of concepts and ideologies begun in POL100 Introduction to Politics, but it also offers an opportunity to read some of the classic texts, and to explore some of the founding ideas, of modern political theory. By studying the foundations and development of political thought, we can understand how contemporary ways of thinking about politics and the political emerged, as well as appreciating the historical and theoretical contexts in which they evolved.The emphasis in the module will be on a critical reading and analysis of primary texts. Part I of the course (MPT I) focused on the development of political thought prior to the French Revolution, emphasising in particular the social contract tradition; foundational i deas about rational individualism; the quest for a theory of political obligation which would grant legitimacy to the emerging modern state; the development of radical theories of democratic participation and popular sovereignty; and the critique of many of these developments in modern conservatism.It also raised questions about how we think of the political, by comparing the social contract tradition with that of Machiavelli and by considering politics in the context of the development of modernity. Concepts like consent, freedom, equality, rights and property were prominent. In Part II of the course, we will be considering the way in which political thought developed in the wake of the French and industrial revolutions. We will begin by focusing upon the continued rise of liberalism and secularism in the 18th and 19th centuries in the work of Jeremy 2Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. These figures represent the continued elaboration and sophistication of the modern foun dations of political society in concepts of rationalism, enlightenment, freedom and equality. As we will see, their conceptions of the role of the state, of right and of obligation continue to be immensely influential in both political thought and practice today. For the rest of the module we will turn our attention to Germany and three great German thinkers: Hegel, Marx and Nietzsche.This will allow you the opportunity to study three of the nineteenth-century’s central political thinkers, whose ideas have played a crucial role in the development of the 20th century. Hegel’s writings may not at first seem easy to understand as they are written in a style that is highly metaphysical and abstract. However, once we get beyond the philosophical jargon we discover one of the most compelling visions of the relationship between citizens and the state that has ever been offered.For Hegel, the state was ‘the actuality of the ethical idea’, and it was through the St ate that the individual acquires what he describes as ‘substantive freedom’. The critiques of liberalism developed by Marx and Nietzsche are the most influential we have. Attacking the very foundations of the emerging liberal capitalist order, they also dismissed its values and aspirations to justice as at best illusory and at worst, as masquerades for advancing sectional interests.For them, liberal democracy is about oppression and exploitation (Marx), nihilism and deathly mediocrity (Nietzsche), not justice and emancipation. They developed very different ideas from liberal ones, about human nature and what might be ‘good’ for it. They also developed grand historical accounts to explain what they saw as the miseries and degeneracy of modernity (capitalism; nihilism), alongside more visionary allusions as to how we might escape from them.Above all, Marx and Nietzsche sought to challenge the idea that politics is a rational practice undertaken by self-consci ous actors who make rational decisions and subscribe to general values of fairness. What they describe is a far more complex environment in which politics is an ongoing struggle between (structural, cultural, unconscious) forces of which we often have little understanding and even less control. This means that they pay less attention to the State than more conventional political theorists, since the power struggles that constitute political life are much more widespread.This clearly has significant implications for the practising of politics and through them, Marx and Nietzsche oblige us once more to take up the first semesters’ questions concerning the bases (or lack of them) for political authority, shared values or any common vision of justice or liberation. 3. Teaching and Learning Profile a) Teaching Arrangements Lecturers: Madeleine Davis (MD), Jeremy Jennings (JJ), Caroline Williams (CW) and Clare Woodford (CWd) Seminar teachers: Madeleine Davis, Caroline Williams and Clare Woodford The module has two components: a one hour weekly ecture and a one hour weekly seminar. Attendance at all lectures and seminars is compulsory. Persistent non-attendance can lead to 3 de-registration, which can affect your overall classification or prevent your studying further with Queen Mary. If you are absent due to ill health you should contact the module tutor and the office. If you are absent from Queen Mary for more than five days, you must supply a doctor’s note. Lectures: there will be twenty-two weekly lectures, as detailed in the module outline below. These will take place on Thursdays at 10 am. You should ensure that you attend all of these.Lectures are captured on audio and video, and you can find them on QM+. Seminars: these are held once a week and also last one hour. They are small group meetings based around specified texts and themes, and they are intended to supplement the lectures and provide an opportunity for deeper discussion of the module content. You MUST do the required preparatory reading in advance of the seminar. All participants are expected to demonstrate a careful reading for the week’s topic and a willingness and ability to contribute to class discussion on the basis of such reading.You can only demonstrate reading and thinking through making regular contributions to class discussions. The class tutors will endeavour to make sure that everybody says something in every seminar. Since seminars are designed to allow you to make an input into the module, attendance is compulsory. Please note that non-attendance at seminars can lead to deregistration from the module (see undergraduate handbook). Please let the seminar tutor know in advance if you are unable to attend a seminar, and please ensure that you speak to the module convenor or your personal tutor if you are experiencing problems.Because texts are open to various interpretations and criticisms, seminars in this module provide an especially importan t forum for trying out your ideas, testing them on other readers, and most importantly, raising difficulties that arose during your reading. You should never feel intimidated in these classes, in expressing your ideas: speculative thinking is an important part of political theorising and it is not a question of being ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. Above all, it is important that you should come to class with an enquiring mind and a willingness to share your questions, problems and opinions with other members of the tutorial.Class discussions are for your benefit and the more you put into them, the more stimulating and helpful you’ll find them. In fact, the best MPT sessions often arise from students identifying parts of texts they found the most difficult or controversial, rather than those parts which are more self-evident. Never feel inhibited about asking the meaning of words or passages – the chances are that other people are also struggling with the m! It is important that you should bring a copy of the week’s primary text with you, as we may want to analyse particular passages together.QM+ and email: it is important that you check the POL206 area on QM+ regularly. Not only will we post announcements and handouts there, but we will also involve QM+ in the teaching of the module. Smart students don’t come unprepared to class because they have forgotten to check QM+. You must also read your Queen Mary email daily for any communications about teaching. The School will not use any other email but that supplied by the Queen Mary. Failure to respond to email messages, particularly regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. b) Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria The aims of the module are: To give students a broad overview of modern political thinking as it developed from the 16th century to the end of the 20th century; to encourage a capacity in analytical thinking and an ability to deal with abstract c oncepts and normative or speculative ideas; to introduce a critical perspective which encourages rigorous and creative thinking and to teach skills which are derived from a text-based module; and to introduce intensive and continuous writing assignments in order to develop students’ writing abilities and powers of written analysis.The learning objectives of the module are: The acquisition of a detailed knowledge of classic texts in political theory; an ability to explain and critically analyse the basic claims and normative ideas underlying modern political doctrines; a familiarity with the central concepts of modern political thought, such as rights, justice, human nature, liberty, equality, democracy, exploitation, as well as the idea of the political itself, as these have developed discursively and historically; and an appreciation of how political theory both understands, and responds to, the questions of odernity and the modern state. Skills: The module aims to teach the following skills: analytic skills in close readings of texts; skills of critical evaluation in considering arguments; speculative skills in thinking about the ‘big’ questions in politics; presentation skills in summarising complex theoretical arguments; and writing skills in presenting critical written accounts of ideas covered and reflecting on the student’s own work. c) Attendance Attendance at all Lectures and Seminars is compulsory.Persistent non attendance can lead to de-registration, which can affect your overall classification or prevent your studying further with Queen Mary. If you are absent due to ill health you should contact the module tutor and the office. If you are absent from Queen Mary for more than 5 days you must supply a doctor’s note. d) Participation/Preparation This handbook details the topics covered each week. You should use the reading lists provided to help you prepare for lectures and seminars. You can only demonstrate reading and thinking through making regular contributions to class discussions. e) Communication You must read your Queen Mary email for any communications about teaching daily. The School will not use any other email but that supplied by the Queen Mary. Failure to respond to email messages, particularly regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. You must check this QM+ site for this module for any messages and associated learning material. 4. Assessment Profile and Timetable for feedback (see also Appendix 1) a) Assessment In the spring semester, assessment for this module consists of the following two pieces of work: (i) an essay proposal of max. 00 words, plus working bibliography (weighting: 10% of the mark for the whole year); and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words (weighting: 50% of the mark for the whole year). The research essay is designed to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your understanding of the semester’s key themes and thinkers. It i s also intended to help develop your skills of research design and independent research, in order to prepare you for the final year dissertation you will undertake next year.You will be required to choose one from a selection of key themes, and to write an essay that compares and analyses the treatment of your chosen theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The choice of thinkers will depend on the theme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation: at least two must be chosen from the Spring Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester). The themes from which to choose are: i) freedom, ii) human nature, iii) morality, iv) equality, v) political authority and legitimacy.The requirement to submit a plan and working bibliography is intended to ensure that your choice of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to help you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your work in progress f rom your seminar tutor. Your tutors may also incorporate short writing exercises into classes to help you link themes and thinkers as we progress through the course. Deadlines Essay proposal: Thursday 7 March (Week 9) Feedback will be given in week 11. Research essay: Tuesday 23 April. Grades and feedback will be given after the exam period.Please refer to the Appendix for further information and guidance about the coursework. Exam There is no exam for this module. 6 Semester B associate students Those taking MPT II only will have 100% of their grade awarded on the basis of their spring semester course work. The coursework is as follows: (i) an essay proposal of max. 500 words, plus working bibliography (weighting: 15% of the mark); and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words (weighting: 85% of the mark). The coursework is due on the same dates as for nonassociate students.See Appendices for full details. b) Submission of coursework You must submit one electronic copy of all assign ments. Your electronic copy must be submitted via Queen Mary’s Virtual Learning environment (QMPlus) by 9am on the day of the stated deadline. The School has a policy of anonymous marking. Your name must not appear anywhere on your work. Therefore, you must ensure that you use the coursework coversheet as the first page of your assignment. Any coursework work submitted which does not have a coversheet attached will incur penalties for incorrect submission.Coversheets can be downloaded from the Undergraduate shared area of QMPlus and through individual QMPlus module areas Your electronic copy must be submitted by 9am on the deadline date, and will be retained and screened by anti-plagiarism software. REMEMBER: Save your assignment with coversheet and bibliography as a single document (preferably as a PDF) before uploading to QMPlus Complete the coversheet with your Student ID, Module Code, Assignment number and Seminar Tutor. Your assignments must be submitted by 9am on the de adline date Save back-up copies of all your work in case of computer failure.It is your responsibility to submit your assignments correctly. (Full details of submission policies can be found in the School’s Student Handbook. ) c) Extensions If you require an extension due to extenuating circumstances (EC), you must complete the relevant EC form and attach documentation to support your request. Completed forms and documentation should be handed into the Office. Full details can be found in the Student Handbook 7 Essays submitted 14 days after the deadline – including weekends – will not be assessed and will be given a mark of zero. d) Essay AdviceReferencing and bibliography There are different ways of referencing and making a bibliography. The important thing is that you use one, and that you use it consistently. Referencing and bibliography are essential parts of any essay and marks will be deducted if they are poor or absent. Your seminar teacher will be happy to answer questions about this. For details about how to reference and make a bibliography, please consult the Student Handbook. e) Past Exam Paper There is no exam for this course. 5. QM+ All module materials, including a copy of this module outline can be found on QMPlus.You should familiarise yourself with QMPlus as soon as possible as further information concerning this module and office hours will be posted there. To access QMPlus (on or off campus) go to http://qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/. You will require your QM computer access username and password. You should also use QMPlus to upload the electronic version your assignments. If you are having problems accessing/using QMPlus support and information can be found on the following website – http://qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/mod/page/view. php? id=85646 Equally you can contact the School Office who may be able to offer assistance.NOTE: If you have not completed your module registration properly your modules will not show on QMPlus. It is up to you to ensure you complete registration and check QMplus regularly. 6. Plagiarism QM defines plagiarism as presenting someone else’s work as one’s own irrespective of intention. Close paraphrasing, copying from the work of another person, including another student, using the ideas of another person, without proper acknowledgement or repeating work you have previously submitted without properly referencing yourself (known as ‘self plagiarism’) also constitute plagiarism. Regulations on Assessment Offences 8 Plagiarism is a serious offence and all students suspected of plagiarism will be subject to an investigation. If found guilty, penalties can include failure of the module to suspension or permanent withdrawal from Queen Mary. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand plagiarism and how to avoid it. The recommendations below can help you in avoiding plagiarism. Be sure to record your sources when taking notes, and to cite these if you use ideas or, especially, quotations from the original source.Be particularly careful if you are cutting and pasting information between two documents, and ensure that references are not lost in the process. Be sensible in referencing ideas – commonly held views that are generally accepted do not always require acknowledgment to particular sources. However, it is best to be safe to avoid plagiarism. Be particularly careful with quotations and paraphrasing. Be aware that technology is now available at Queen Mary and elsewhere that can automatically detect plagiarism. Ensure that all works used are referenced appropriately in the text of your work and fully credited in your bibliography.If in doubt, ask for further guidance from your adviser or module tutor. See your student handbook for further advice. 9 7. LECTURE AND SEMINAR SCHEDULE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lecture Bentham’s Utilitarianism (JJ) John Stuart Mill’s Liberalism (JJ) Kant’s Enlighte nment (CWd) Hegel: Philosophy, ethics and the state (CWd) The early Marx (MD) Marx’s historical materialism (MD) Reading week; no lectures or seminars The Analysis of Capitalism (MD) Introduction to Nietzsche and the Genealogy of Morality (CW) Nietzsche’s Genealogy and Bad Conscience (CW) Nietzsche’s Genealogy and Nihilism (CW) Conclusion and overview (MD)Seminar theme Bentham: principles of morals and legislation John Stuart Mill: liberty Kant: enlightenment and freedom Hegel and the state Marx: emancipation, alienation and speciesbeing Marx: history, class and revolution Marx: capitalism and exploitation Nietzsche’s challenge : what is morality? Nietzsche: guilt, bad conscience, discipline and will to power Nietzsche: nihilism and beyond Advice on preparing your research essay PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE WILL BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL STUDENTS ON THURSDAY 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN ROOM FB113A 10 8. READING GUIDESEMESTER II TEXTS Core Texts Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (in Wootton). John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (in Wootton). Kant, ‘An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? ’ (in Wootton). G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: various texts, including excerpts from On the Jewish Question, The 1844 Manuscripts, The German Ideology, The Communist Manifesto and Capital , collected in Wootton or Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd edition (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978). Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, ed. Keith Ansell-Pearson, trans. Carol Diethe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). As far as is possible, all of the first and second semester readings are collected in David Wootton (ed. ), Modern Political Thought. Readings from Machiavelli to Nietzsche (Cambridge: Hackett, 1996) (referred to below as Wootton; you may also use the second edition from 2008). Students are strongly advised to purchase this text. Where texts are not in Wootton they will be posted on the QM+ site for the course.Most of these texts can also be found on the internet, although the quality varies. Secondary texts: An important note on secondary reading: As last semester, the major emphasis of this course is on a close reading of primary texts. All the essential reading for seminars is from the core primary texts listed above. However you will need to consult secondary texts when planning and preparing your research essay (you can also, of course, use them for seminar preparation in addition to – never instead of! – the primary reading if you have time).The secondary material listed below is organised into various categories: general texts: useful companion texts aimed at students and usually covering several thinkers and one or more relevant themes. secondary texts on particular thinkers: more in depth and specialised treatments of each thinker. additional thematic sources: some suggestions for general reading on the themes for the research essay. 11 Your working bibliography for the research essay will probably contain material from each of these categories. We have provided a fairly extensive range of sources here.All should be available in the QM library (some are still on order at the time of compiling this list). Useful secondary texts (* indicates particularly recommended) General secondary texts: Barry, N. , Modern Political Theory (4th ed, 2000) (chapters on authority, freedom and equality) Boucher, D. and P. Kelly (eds. ), Political Thinkers (London: Routledge, 2003). *Edwards, A. and J. Townsend (eds. ), Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy. From Machiavelli to Marx (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002). (useful chapters on Kant, Hegel, Mill and Marx) *Hampsher-Monk, I. A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) (chapters on Bentham, Mill, Hegel and Marx) Ma cpherson, C. B. , The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964). ( a critique of liberalism) Matravers, D. et al. , Reading Political Philosophy. Machiavelli to Mill (London: Routledge, 2001). *Pateman, C. , The Problem of Political Obligation (Cambridge: Polity, 1985). Plamenatz, J. , Man and Society: Political and Social Theories from Machiavelli to Marx (New York: Longman, 1991). Ramsay, M. ,What’s Wrong with liberalism? (1997) Rorty, R. et al. (eds. ), Philosophy in History: Essays in the Historiography of Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). *Rosen, M. , and Wolff, J. , Political Thought (OPU, 1999) – (a very useful reader of primary texts organised by themes including human nature, justification of political rule, and liberty, with short introductions to each theme) Wolff, J. , An Introduction to Political Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). By thinker: Bentham, Mill and Utilitarianis m David Bromwich and George Kateb (eds), John Stuart Mill On Liberty (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).Wendy Donner, The Liberal Self: John Stuart Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991). Michael B. Gill, The British Moralists on Human Nature and the Birth of Secular Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). *John Gray, Mill on Liberty: A Defence, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 1996). Joseph Hamburger, John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). *Ian Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), chapters 7 and 8.Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), chapter 2. 12 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1971),  §Ã‚ §5, 26-30. Nancy Rosenblum, Bentham’s Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978). Alan Rya n, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, 2nd edition (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978). Geoffrey Scarre, Utilitarianism (London: Routledge, 1996). Philip Schofield, Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)..John Skorupski, John Stuart Mill (London: Routledge, 1989). John Skorupski (ed. ), The Cambridge Companion to John Stuart Mill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). J. J. C. Smart and Bernhard Williams, Utilitarianism for and against (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973). John Stuart Mill, ‘Utilitarianism’, in On Liberty and Other Essays, ed. John Gray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 131-201. Kant Useful Introductions Scruton, R. (2001) ‘Kant A Very Short Introduction’, Oxford: Oxford University Press Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 [2nd ed. 2009]) ‘Kant’ in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. eds) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Pre ss, pp. 422-36 P. Guyer, The Cambridge companion to Kant P. Guyer The Cambridge Companion to Kant and modern philosophy (2006) H. Williams, Kant’s Political philosophy S. M. Shell, The Rights of reason: A study of Kant’s Philosophy and Politics R. Beiner (ed), Kant and political Philosophy H. Arendt, Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy P. Riley, Will and Political Legitimacy L. Krieger, The German Idea of Freedom G. A. Kelly, Idealism, Politics, and History Reiss, H. S. (ed. ) (1991) Kant’s Political Writings, (2nd ed. (H. B. Nisbet trans. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Also useful for commentaries and discussion: Allison, H. (2004 ed) Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defence, London and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Ameriks, K. (2000 ed) Kant’s Theory of Mind, Oxford: Clarendon Press Beck, L. W. (1960) A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason, Chicago Caygill, H. (1995) A Kant Dicti onary, Oxford: Blackwell Collins, A. (1999) Possible Experience: Understanding Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press Downie, R. S. and Telfer, E. 1969) Respect for Persons, Allen and Unwin Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 [2nd ed. 2009]) ‘Kant’ in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. s) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 422-36 Gardner, S. (1999) Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason, (London: Routledge) 13 Keller, P. (2001) Kant and the Demands of Self-Consciousness Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kitcher, P. (1982) ‘Kant on Self-Identity’, The Philosophical Review, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 41-72 Kitcher, P. (1999) ‘Kant on Self-Consciousness’, The Philosophical Review, vol. 08, no. 3, pp. 345-386 Korsgaard, C. (1996) Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press Sircello, G. (1968) ‘Subjectiv ity and Justification in Aesthetic Judgements’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 3-12 Wolff, R. P. (ed. ) (1967) ‘Kant: A Collection of Critical Essays’, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor [a useful collection] Hegel Useful Introductions: Singer, P. (1983) ‘Hegel: a very short introduction’, Oxford: Oxford University Press Patten, A. (2003 [2nd ed. 2009]) ‘Hegel’ in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. ) Political Thinkers from Socrates to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 437-58 Knowles, D. (2002) ‘Hegel and the Philosophy of Right’, New York; Routledge [An excellent text. Really useful for situating Hegel’s knowledge in context. Very clearly written]. Also useful: * Hampsher-Monk, I. A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), * Patten, A. Hegel’s Idea of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). * Wood, A. W. ‘Editor’s Introduc tion’, in G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right (CUP 1991) * Burns, A. ‘G. W. F.Hegel’, in Terrell Carver and James Martin (eds), Continental Wood, A. W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Ameriks, K. (1985) ‘Hegel’s Critique of Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. XLVI, no. I, pp. 1-35 Haddock, B. ‘G. W. F Hegel: Philosophy of Right’, in Murray Forsyth and (eds), The Political Classics: A Guide to the Essential Texts from Hamilton to Mill, Vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Beiser, F. (2005) ‘Hegel’, London: Routledge Berenson, F. (1982) ‘Hegel on Others and the Self’, Philosophy, vol. 57, no. 19, pp,77-90 Taylor, C. Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979). Taylor, C. Hegel, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). Di Giovanni, G. and Harris, H. S. (ed s) (1985) ‘Between Kant and Hegel’, Albany: SUNY Press Harris, H. S. (1995) ‘Hegel: Phenomenology and System’, Indianapolis: Hackett Houlgate, S. (1991) ‘Freedom, Truth, History: And introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy’, London: Routledge Ritter, J. Hegel and the French Revolution: Essays on The Philosophy of Right (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984). Mccarney, J. ‘Hegel on History,’ (London: Routledge, 2000). Habermas, J.Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Cambridge: 14 Inwood, M. A Hegel Dictionary (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). Inwood, M. Hegel (London: Routledge, 1983). Hardimon, M. O. Hegel’s Social Philosophy: The Project of Reconciliation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Mure, G. R. G. (1965) ‘The Philosophy of Hegel’, London Pinkard T. (2000) ‘Hegel: A Biography’, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [Useful introduction to Hegel’s life and times] Raymon d Plant, Hegel (London: Routledge, 1999). Pippin, R. B. Idealism as Modernism: Hegelian Variations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).Avineri, S. Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State, New edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974). Solomon, R. (1983) ‘In the Spirit of Hegel’, Oxford: Oxford University Press Stewart, J. (2000) ‘The Unity of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit’, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press Taylor, C. (1975) ‘Hegel’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Villa, D. (2005) ‘Hegel, Toqueville, and â€Å"Individualism†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, The Review of Politics, Vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 659-86 Walsh, W. H. Hegelian Ethics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1969). Westphal, K. (2003) ‘Hegel’s Epistemology’, Indianapolis: Hackett Allen W.Wood, Hegel’s Ethical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Pelczynski, Z. A. (ed. ), The State and Civil Society: Studies in Hegel’s Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). Pelczynski, Z. A. Hegel’s Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971). Marx General texts S Avineri, Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx T Bottomore (ed), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought T. Carver ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Marx T. Carver, Marx’s Social Theory T. Carver, The Postmodern Marx *G Duncan, Marx and Mill M Evans, Karl Marx *I.Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought Ch 10 J Lively & A Reeve (eds),Modern Political Theory Section VI *D McLellan,Karl Marx: His Life and Thought *D McLellan,The Thought of Karl Marx [thematic chapters in Part 2 are extremely useful] J Maguire, Marx's Theory of Politics P. Osborne How to Read Marx *P Singer, Marx (a useful, short introduction) T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and Economics W Suching, Marx: An Introduction 15 A Wood, Karl Marx The Young Marx and Alienation E Fromm, Marx's Conce pt of Man S Hook, From Hegel to Marx * D McLellan, Marx Before Marxism I Meszaros, Marx's Theory of Alienation B Ollman, Alienation D.McLennan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx Historical Materialism & Social Change A Carter, Marx: A Radical Critique T Carver, Marx's Social Theory G Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence M Rader, Marx's Interpretation of History Marx and Capitalism: Marxist Economics A Brewer, A Guide to Marx's Capital B Fine, Theories of the Capitalist Economy A Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory E Mandel, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx E Mandel, An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and Economics Marx and Ideology E. Balibar, Marx and Philosophy T.Carver, `Did Ideology fall with the Wall? Marx, Marxism, Post-Marxism’ in M. Freeden ed. , Reassessing Political Ideologies J Lorraine, â€Å"Ideology and its revisions in Contemporary Marxism† in N O'Sullivan ed. , The Structure of Modern Ideology J. McCarney, The Real World of Ideology M. Seliger, The Marxist Concept of Ideology R. Williams, `Ideology' in his Keywords Marx and Engels on justice, morality, human nature and exploitation Arneson,`What's wrong with Exploitation? ‘ Ethics 91 (Jan 1981) A. Buchanan, `Exploitation, Alienation and Injustice', Canadian Journal of Philosophy IX vol. Cohen, Nagel & Scanlon eds, Marx, Justice and History (esp. articles by Husain and Wood L. N. Geras,`The Controversy about Marx and Justice', New Left Review 150 (1985) * N. Geras, Marx and Human Nature *S. Lukes, Marxism and Morality *K. Neilson & S. Patton eds, `Marx and Morality', Canadian Journal of Philosophy. Supplement to vol. VII (1981) A. Wood, Karl Marx, pt III A. Wood, `The Marxist Critique of Justice', Philosophy and Public Affairs vol. 1 no. 13 (1972) 16 Young, `Justice and Capitalist Production. Marx and Bourgeois Ideology', Canadian Journal of Philosophy VIII no. 13 (1978) Nietzsche *K.Ansell-Pearson, T he Perfect Nihilist. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker *K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A Study of Nietzsche's Moral and Political Thought K. Ansell-Pearson, `The Exotic Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche', Political Theory (Aug. 1986) *K. Ansell-Pearson, `Nietzsche on Autonomy and Morality', Political Studies (June 1991) K. Ansell-Pearson, `Nietzsche: A Radical Challenge to Political Theory? ‘ Radical Philosophy 54 (1990) K. Ansell-Pearson, `Who is the ubermensch? Time, Truth and Woman in Nietzsche' Journal of the History of Ideas (April/June 1992) D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political D.Conway, Nietzsche's Dangerous Game S. J. Coleman, `Nietzsche as Politique et Moraliste' Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 27 (1966) G. Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy [challenging but brilliant] D. Allison ed. , The New Nietzsche [excellent but challenging collection] R. Hollingdale, Nietzsche: The Man and his Philosophy [a readable semi-biography by one of his main English translaters] W. Kaufmann, Nietzsche. Philosopher, Psychologist, and Anti-Christ [It was Kaufmann who first introduced Nietzsche to many English-speaking readers, via his translations, and he who was mainly responsible for re-presenting N. s an existentialist. His work is very accessible and convincing] T. Strong, Nietzsche and the Politics of Transfiguration (2000) [good on N and Politics] M. Warren, Nietzsche and Political Thought (MIT 1988) M. Warren, `The Politics of Nietzsche's Philosophy: Nihilism, Culture and Power', Political Studies (Sept. 1985) M. Warren, `Nietzsche and Political Philosophy', Political Theory vol. 13 no. 2 (May 1985) K. Higgins, Nietzsche's Zarathustra D. Owen, Nietzsche, Politics and Modernity D. Owen On the Genealogy of Morality (2007) P. Patton, Deleuze and the Political (Routledge 2000) ch. [not all on Nietzsche but some very useful comparative points] R. Schacht ed. , Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche's Genealogy of M orals B. Leiter Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Nietzsche on the Genealogy of Morality *M. Tanner, Nietzsche (1994) [this is a very short and accessible introduction] B. Magnus & K. Higgins ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche [esp. articles by Magnus & Higgins, Strong and Nehamas] *A. Nehamas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature [a very useful commentary] R. Soloman & K. Higgins, Reading Nietzsche E.Kennedy, `Woman as Ubermensch: Nietzsche', in Kennedy & Mendus eds, Women in Western Political Philosophy K. Oliver, Womanizing Nietzsche: Philosophy's Relation to the `Feminine' 17 P. Johnson, `Nietzsche Reception Today', Radical Philosophy 80 (Nov/Dec 1996) [useful overview of literature on Nietzsche's politics] D. Coole, `The Politics of Reading Nietzsche', Political Studies 46 (June 1998) D. Coole, Politics and Negativity (Routledge 2000) ch. 3 S. Rosen, The Mask of Enlightenment. Nietzsche's Zaarathustra [very detailed exposition of a major text] T. Sadler, Nietzsche. Truth and R edemption.Critique of the Postmodernist Nietzsche [presents a mystical, existentialist Nietzsche, based on the early writings. Readable but controversial] *F. Appel, Nietzsche Contra Democracy [short and clear. Argues that Nietzsche is a thoroughgoing anti-democrat] Additional thematic sources: Many of the sources already listed by thinker have useful material on the themes for the extended essay. The sources below provide general background and additional material. As a general starting point Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) has useful chapters on most of these themes.Remember that texts from last term will also be relevant. Freedom: Connolly, William, The Terms of Political Discourse (1983), chapter 4 Coole, Diana, ‘Constructing and Deconstructing Liberty’, Political Studies 41:1 (1993) [reprinted in P. Dunleavy et al. (eds. ), British Political Science] Green, T. H. , ‘Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, in Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligations and Other Writings Miller, David, Liberty Ramsay, Maureen What’s Wrong with liberalism? (1997) Ch 2 Riley, Jonathan, ‘Liberty’, in Catriona McKinnon (ed. , Issues in Political Theory Ryan, Alan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, (Polity, 2001) part 2 Taylor, Charles, ‘What's Wrong with Negative Liberty? ’, in A. Ryan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom and in D. Miller, Liberty. Human nature Davies, J. , Human nature in politics (Wiley, 1963) Forbes, I. , and Smith, S. , (eds) Politics and human nature (1983) Parekh, Bikhu, Rethinking Multiculturalism. MacMillan: Basingtoke, 2000. Chapter 4. Pinker, S. , The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature (2003) Rosen, M. , & Wolff, J. , Political Thought.Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999, Chapter 1. Sayers, S. , Marxism and human nature (Routledge, 2007) 18 Morality K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A Study of Nietzsche's Moral and Political Thought Berki, N. , and Parekh, B. The morality of politics (1972) S. Lukes, Marxism and Morality Nuttall, J Moral Questions: an introduction to ethics (Polity, 1993) Ch 13 Raz, J. , The morality of freedom (Clarendon, 1986) Raz, J. , Ethics in the public domain: the morality of law and politics (OUP 1994) Equality Arneson . , RJ ‘Equality’ in Goodin and Pettit Pojman, L. and R. Westmoreland (eds. , Equality: Selected Readings Rees, John, Equality (Pall Mall Press, 1971) Sen, A. , Inequality Re-examined Sen, A. , ‘Equality of What? ’, in Choice, Welfare and Measurement Tawney, R. H. , Equality, (1931) especially section on ‘Liberty and Equality’ Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, esp Part 3 (Polity, 2001) Tawney RH Equality (Allen and Unwin, 1931) White S. , Equality (Polity, 2007) Political authority and legitimacy Dunn, J Political obligation in its historical context (CUP 1980) Flathman. , R ‘Legitim acy’ in Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) Flathman, R. The practice of political authority (Univ of Chicago Press, 1980) Green , L. , The authority of the state (Clarendon 1988) Green TH Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings (CUP, 1986) Hampton, J. , ‘Contract and consent’, Ch 16 in Goodin and Pettit (eds) Lessnoff, M. , Social contract theory (Blackwell, 1990) Morris ,C. , (ed) The social contract theorists: critical essays on Hobbes Locke and Rousseau (1998) Pateman, C Participation and democratic theory (CUP, 1970) Pateman The problems of political obligation (CUP, 1985) Plamenatz, J. Consent, freedom and political obligation (OUP, 1968) Riley P. , Will and political legitimacy: a critical exposition of social contract theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau Kant and Hegel ( Harvard University Press, 1982) Simmons, AJ. , Moral principles and political obligations (Princeton Univ Press, 1979) Warrender, J The political philosophy of Hobbes: his theory of obligation (Clarendon, 1957) Please note: if locating material for a topic is difficult please ask your tutor for further suggestions. 19 10. SEMINAR PREPARATION SCHEDULE Week 1: Introduction to the module.Bentham’s utilitarianism Essential Reading: Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chapters I, IV, VII, XIV (in Wootton). Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. What does Bentham mean when he says that mankind is governed by pain and pleasure? 2. What is the principle of utility? 3. Why does Bentham believe that it can provide an objective standard by which our actions can be judged? What type of ethical theory is utilitarianism? What is its relationship to morality? . What, if any, are the political implications of utilitarianism? Week 2: John Stuart Mill’s Lib eralism Essential Reading: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. Why does J. S. Mill believe that it is important to define the nature and limits of power? 2. What is J. S. Mill’s ‘one very simple principle’? How simple is it? And how can it be applied? 3. What justification does Mill provide for freedom of expression of opinion? How convincing do you find it? 4.Why does Mill believe that individuality is one of the elements of well-being? What does he mean when he says that human beings can become ‘a noble and beautiful object of contemplation’? Short in-class or post-class writing task: write some notes in answer to the following: How does Mill’s understanding of freedom differ from or develop the ideas of the thinkers we studied last semester? Week 3: Kant’s Enlightenment Essential Reading: 20 Immanuel Kant, â €˜An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? ’ (Wootton pp. 522-526) Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume with you to class.Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. How does Kant define Enlightenment? 2. How is enlightenment attained and what is its significance? 3. What are the obstacles to Enlightenment and how can they be overcome? 4. What is the relationship of Enlightenment to freedom? Week 4: Hegel and the State Essential Reading: G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, (Cambridge, CUP, 1991) Part 3: Ethical life, Section 2, Civil Society, pp. 220-39) On QM+. The editor’s introduction by Allen Wood is also very useful. Please focus especially on the following sections;  §188; C. The Police and the Corporation  §230, a.The Police  §231-249; b. The Corporation ( §250-256). Section 3, The State  §257-259. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. What does Hegel understand by c ivil society ( §188)? 2. What is the role of the police ( §231-49)? 3. What is the relationship between the family and civil society and the family and the state ( §231-256)? 4. How is the relationship between individual and civil society different from that of individual and the state ( §258)? 5. What does Hegel think the relationship is between freedom and the state ( §258)? Do not be worried if you find these questions difficult to answer when reading on your own.We will try to answer them together in the seminar. Week 5: The early Marx This is the first of three sessions on Marx. In order to understand the context of his ideas, his career and political commitments, it will help you a great deal to do some general introductory reading on Marx from the list below over the next three weeks to support your reading of the primary texts. These are all accessible and clear introductions to Marx’ work. Class discussion will focus on the primary text, and you must bring a copy of the Wootton text with you each week and prepare some answers to the questions that will form the basis of discussion. 1 P. Singer, Marx. A Very Short Introduction (OUP) David McLellan, Karl Marx: His life and thought Hampsher Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (Blackwell), Chapter 10, â€Å"Karl Marx†, especially section on â€Å"Early life and influences† Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (Fourth Estate) (a lively short biography) The texts we will read this week are drawn from Marx’ early work. We will consider his critique of liberal rights and freedom, and then look in detail at his concepts of ‘species-being; and alienation, as expressed in the ‘1844 Manuscripts’, often known as the ‘Paris Manuscripts’.Essential Reading: i. Sections from ‘On the Jewish Question’: Wootton pp 742-747 (first column and top 2 lines of second column) pp750 (Bottom first column ‘According to Bauer .. )-754 (first half o f column 1). ii. ‘Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right’: Wootton pp. 758-765. You need only read the section on pp. 764-5, where Marx derives the proletariat. iii. The 1844 [Paris] Manuscripts. Section on ‘Alienated Labour’ in Wootton pp. 766-772. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. Why does Marx criticise liberalism?What has he to say about ‘the rights of man’? 2. What kind of emancipation, and from what, is Marx calling for here? 3. Why is the proletariat that will be the privileged agency of emancipation, according to Marx? The Paris Manuscripts 4. What does Marx mean by alienation? What forms does it take? What is wrong with alienation? 5. Why is Marx critical of private property? What is its relation to alienation? 6. What does Marx mean by `species-being'? Do you think Marx has a theory of human nature here? 7. What does Marx mean when he claims that communism will even emancipate t he human senses?Short in-class or post-class writing task: Write a few bullet points in answer to one of the following: How does Marx’s view of human nature/essence differ from other thinkers you’ve studied? What do you think freedom might consist of for Marx? Week 6: Historical Materialism and the Dialectic Essential Reading: i. The German Ideology Part 1 (Wootton pp775-787 up to ‘as the history of communism proves’) ii. Theses on Feuerbach (Wootton pp 773-4) iii. Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Woottton pp. 829-831) iv. Manifesto of the Communist Party Parts 1,2,4 (Wootton pp. 98-809 and pp. 814 -815). 22 Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. What is materialism? 2. What makes Marx’ materialism historical? What drives history, according to Marx? 3. What is the relationship between forces and social relations of production, and between base and superstructure? What is a mode of production? 4. To what extent can human action shape history, according to Marx? How does class struggle fit in here? 5. What is ideology and what is its function? 6. How might a revolution come about, in Marx’ view?Short in class or post-class writing task: Write a paragraph on how Marx’s view of history challenges the justifications for political authority advanced by other thinkers previously studied on the course. Week 7: Reading Week Week 8: The Analysis of Capitalism. Essential reading: Wootton contains very little of Capital. Essential reading for this week is taken from Tucker The Marx Engels Reader (Norton, 1978) and can be found on the module QM+ site. i. The Coming Upheaval Tucker pp. 218-9 ii. Capital vol. 1: Pt I ch. 1 sect. 1 (Tucker pp. 302-8); sect. 2 (Tucker pp. 308-312); sect. 4 (Tucker pp. 319-29); ch. VI (pp. 336-343); Pt III ch.VII sect. 2 (pp. 351-361); ch. X sect. 2 (pp. 364-7); Ch. XIII, esp. sect's 4,5 (pp. 392-403); Pt V ch. XVI (pp. 417-9); ch. XXV sect. 4 (pp. 429-431); Pt VIII (pp. 431-8) iii. Capital vol. 3 (pp. 439-442) iv. Crisis Theory Final section (pp. 459-65) Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. What is Marx's theory of value? What do the terms use value, exchange value and surplus value mean and how do they relate to one another? 2. What is the `twofold character of labour'? 3. What does Marx mean by the fetishism of commodities? 4. What are the contradictions and crises that Marx finds inherent in capitalism? . How does the proletariat's exploitation occur? 6. What does the analysis of capitalism show us about the dialectical method? Is this still relevant as a way of reading the present? 7. How convincing do you find Marx’s analysis of capitalism? Short in class or post-class writing task: Write a paragraph summarising your understanding of Marx’ views on either a) morality or b) equality. 23 Week 9: Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality I Background to Nietzsche As a preparation for studying Nietzsche, you are advised to read K. Ansell-Pearson, The Perfect Nihilist. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker (CUP 1994).D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political (Routledge 1996), is a possible alternative but rather misleadingly `reconstructive' as an introductory text. Both of these books nevertheless offer accessible introductions to Nietzsche, with particular emphasis on his political dimension. A useful introductory essay to his writings can also be found in B. Magnus & K. Higgins, `Nietzsche's Works and their Themes' in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (CUP 1996), which can be found on Moodle Wootton (ed) contains only the first essay of the Genealogy of Morality so you will definitely need access to another copy too.Key readings not in Wootton, as well as helpful supplementary readings are available on QM+. The Cambridge University Press edition of the Genealogy is a very good one if you wish to buy a copy. In addition, it would be very useful if you were to look at Beyond Good and Evil. Essential Reading: Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morality Preface; Essay 1. Please focus especially on sections 2,7,10,11,12,13 and pay especial attention to section 13. On the Genealogy of Morality: 1. How does Nietzsche distinguish between good/evil and good/bad?Explain how the latter gave way to the former and the type of persons which were classified under each heading. Which civilisations correspond to these categories? 2. What is the meaning and significance of `ressentiment' and the `herd instinct’? How do they differ from what is `noble’ and the aristrocratic way of life? What do you think it means in this context to say `yes’ to life? 3. What has been the fate of we modern Europeans, according to Nietzsche? 4. What is Nietzsche criticising in Essay 1, section 13? Nietzsche alludes here to the will to power: what sense can you gain of it?Week 10: Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality II Essential Reading: Nietzsc he, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 2, sections 1,2,3,7,11,12,16,17,18,24,25. Please pay especial attention to section 12, which we will read together in class. ii. Nietzsche, sections on nihilism from Will to Power [available on QM+] Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1. What developments would have to occur before the human species is capable of entering a social contract? How does Nietzsche believe they were brought about? 24 2. In what sense can these developments be called nihilistic? 3.Explain what Nietzsche is saying about his method and about will to power, in Essay 2, section 12. What does this add to his former analysis of punishment? 4. How does bad conscience arise? What are its consequences? 5. Who is the man of the future? What sort of redemption might he permit? Short in class or post-class writing task: Write a short paragraph or a few bullet points in answer to one (or more) of the following questions. How does Nietzsche’s understandi ng of morality differ from that of other thinkers you have studied? How does he pose a challenge to thinking about morality as an intrinsic part of human nature?How do you think Nietzsche understands freedom? How might freedom be tied to power? Can Nietzsche’s philosophy be reconciled with the concept of equality? Again, try to think about his difference/connection with other thinkers covered on the course. Week 11: Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality III Essential Readings i. Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 3. Please focus on sections 1,8, 12 to end; ii. Sections from Thus Spake Zarathustra (Wooton only contains first two essays so both of these will be available on QM+). Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion: 1.What is the ascetic ideal? Why is it nihilistic? What role do philosophy and religion respectively play in its promotion? 2. What do you think Nietzsche means by `Life'? How does the ascetic ideal both threaten and preserve it? 3. What is the relationship between knowledge and will? Why is everything a matter of perspective? 4. Why does Nietzsche call man the sick animal? 5. What is the herd instinct? How does it help modern individuals to cope with their anguish? 6. What examples does Nietzsche give of modern no-sayers? 7. What is the will to truth? 8.What are the different meanings and symptoms that Nietzsche attributes to nihilism? 9. What is will to power? In what sense is it unconscious? How does it relate to the will to truth? 10. What role is played by Zarathustra and what is his relationship to the Dionysian? Why does Nietzsche suggest he has come too soon? Week 12: Research essay workshop This week’s seminar will take the form of a collaborative workshop intended to help you in preparing and drafting your research essay. By the end of the session you should have a firm title and essay structure in place, and be ready to begin writing (if you haven’t already). 5 Essential preparation: u sing the feedback on your essay plan, begin sketching out the structure and content of your essay in more detail. What will be your final choice of theme and thinkers? What main differences/similarities have you identified in the different thinkers’ treatment of your chosen theme? What will your final essay title be? What are the key primary and secondary texts you are using? You should be prepared to share your work and ideas with other students and to offer constructive criticism of the work of others.IMPORTANT: if for any reason you are unable to attend this workshop you MUST notify your tutor. 26 Appendix I: MPT II Assessment PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE WILL BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL STUDENTS ON THURSDAY 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN ROOM FB113A Overview: This semester, assessment consists of the following two pieces of work: (i) an essay proposal of max 500 words, plus working bibliography and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words. There is no exa m for this module. The research essay is designed to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your understanding of the semester’s thinkers.It is also intended to help develop your skills of research design and independent research, in order to prepare you for the final year dissertation you will undertake next year. You are required to choose one from a selection of key themes, and to write an essay that compares and analyses the treatment of your chosen theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The choice of thinkers will depend on the theme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation: at least two must be chosen from the Spring Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester).The themes from which to choose are: 1) freedom 2) human nature 3) morality/ethics 4) equality 5) political authority and legitimacy. The requirement to submit a plan and working bibliography is intended to ensure that your choice of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to help you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your work in progress from your seminar tutor. Your tutors will also incorporate short writing exercises into classes to help you link themes and thinkers as we progress through the course. Suggested exercises are included in this handbook.Your work will be assessed according to the general assessment criteria set out in the Politics Student Handbook, however you should also pay careful attention to the specific requirements of the tasks set out below. Coursework 1: Research essay plan and working bibliography Deadline 9am Thursday 7 March 2013 (Week 9) 27 Title MPT II research essay plan (also give proposed title of your research essay) Word length Maximum 500 words not including bibliography. Weighting 10% of the overall course mark for MPT (15% for single semester associate students).Task Your 500 word plan must do the following: Give a working tit le for your essay (see end of this appendix for example title formats) Introduce your chosen theme and give a brief rationale for your choice of thinkers Set out an indicative structure for your essay Give an indication of the main similarities/differences between the thinkers in terms of your chosen theme, and/or indicate your overall argument Your working bibliography must: Contain both primary texts and secondary sources Show that you have identified sufficient relevant sources to assist in the research and writing of your essay Be properly and accurately presented, adhering to scholarly conventions MPT II Coursework 2: Research essay Deadline 9am Tuesday 23 April 2013 (revision week) Title Give the finalised title of your essay Word Length Maximum 5000 words including footnotes, excluding bibliography Weighting 50% of the overall module mark for MPT (85% for single semester associate students) Task The essay must: Demonstrate that you have read and understood a range of primary and secondary texts studied in the module. Clearly show the relevance of your chosen thinkers to the theme selected Use analytical and critical skills to explore similarities/differences/complementarities between the thinkers 28Advance and sustain an overall argument Be properly and accurately presented and referenced, and contain a full bibliography Advice and guidance: This research essay is not simply a longer version of the ordinary undergraduate essay. It is more in the nature of a guided research project, and thus requires more of you. You contribute to the design of the topic or question, and you will need to be more independent in identifying and selecting relevant source material. The number of sources consulted will be greater than for the average 2000-3000 word essay. A longer piece of work requires you to develop your points and arguments in greater detail and depth, and it may also be more difficult to structure.Therefore please pay attention to the following suggestion s, and ask your seminar tutor or course convenor for help if anything is unclear. Getting started: Do NOT leave all the preparatory work for this essay until the week before you have to hand in your plan! You need to be thinking from an early stage about what themes and thinkers interest you, and you should make notes, week by week, on how the different thinkers relate to the various themes. Some short exercises are included in this handbook to help you do this: these may be done in class with help from your tutor, but should also be used after class to help you build up a set of thematic notes.Designing your topic It is crucial that your choice of theme and thinkers is coherent. Whatever theme you choose, you should start by iden

Joint Venture in China

————————————————- Topic: Joint-Venture – China – Wall Panelling Once a foreign investor is put into the mix, a wealth of legal, administrative or operational violations that a solely-owned Chinese firm may have been able to survive with, will most likely not be tolerated by the local authorities (Devonshire-Ellise & Hoffman, 2010; Norris, 2011). Therefore an array of legal and contractual issues may arise for which a foreign party should be prepared. Some of these are outlined below.Environmentally Friendly Wall Panelling: ————————————————- As the product involved is classed as building materials the company should make note of Austrade’s guidelines on industry standards for building materials in China (Austrade, 2012). For this environmentall y friendly wall panelling the GB/T 50378-2006 regulations will apply (GCiS, 2012). The Issue of Stabilisation: ————————————————- Protection measures should also be stipulated through the creation of a Joint-Venture Contract.One of the biggest issues may be found through the difference in law between China and Australia; China having civil law and Australia having common law. Therefore in order to have the Joint-Venture contract protected from future changes in the Chinese civil law system a stabilisation clause is highly recommended (Coale, M. T. B, 2001-2002). Types of Joint-Ventures in China: What makes the selection of a joint-venture so important is that even though China’s Choice of Law provisions follow international practices; this doesn’t apply for Joint-Ventures.The only time a foreign party within a Joint-Venture may have a choice of law is when set tling disputes (Gao, 1989, p. 560; Wei, 2000, p. 40; Sino Foreign Joint-Venture Law Article 2). Types of Sino-Foreign Joint-Ventures in China: Refer to Appendix 1. Equity Joint-Venture (EJV): An equity Joint-Venture in China takes the form of a limited liability company (JVL Article 4 and Article 2 RICJVL; Kluwer Law International, 2005; Nee, O. D, 1992, 83-101). In this type of Joint-Venture both parties contribute to the registered capital and risks; profits and losses are all taken in regards to the proportion of that contribution.Four Basic attributes (Kluwer Law International, 2005; Wei, 2000, p. 74-75): 1. Established in accordance to the law of the People’s Republic of China. 2. Necessary Property or Capital 3. Possesses its own name, structure and premises 4. Assumes civil liability independently. Cooperative (Contractual) Joint-Venture Creating Chinese Juristic Person (CJVCJP): Also a limited liability company which assumes responsibilities for the ventures total ass ets however can have a separate internal arrangement on debt liability of each party (Articles 11,12, 14 of RICJVL; Wei, 2000, p. 5-76). The structure and status of this type of venture is a lot more flexible than for EJV’s, with precise aspects being able to be defined by contract (Kluwer Law International, 2005; Nee, O. D, 1992, 83-101). It also has liberty of negotiation of product or profit distribution method while still being a separate legal person with the parties’ liability limited to their capital contributions (Article 14 of RICJVL; China Business Law Guide, 2005; Cooperative Joint-Venture Law and Cooperative Joint-Venture implementing Law).Cooperative (Contractual) Joint-Venture Not Creating Chinese Juristic Person: (CJVWCJP): Does not create a Chinese juristic person (Article 52 of RICJVL) and parties take unlimited liabilities for the debts of the Joint-Venture jointly and severally. All investments are administered in a unified manner and consent is need ed for the disposing of a party’s investment (Nee, O. D, 1992, 83-101). ————————————————- It has loose structure, high risk and low degree of control and cooperation (Nee, O. D, 1992; Wei, 2000, p. 176). ————————————————-As all Chinese JV’s are controlled under the P. R. C law (Article 5 of the Foreign Economic Contract Law (FECL); Lewis, 1996, p. 31; Wei, 2000, p. 73), the ability to create their own contractual clauses and have more freedom in the contractual relationship is necessary, especially in regards to topics such as intellectual property; that is why a Contractual Joint-Venture Creating Chinese Juristic Person is the best choice. Also, in relation to management and liability and the production of manufactured goods this type of Joint-Vent ure is ideal (China Business Law Guide, 2005; Gomes-Casseres, 1990; Wei, 2000, p. 68). The Issue of Intellectual Property: From the 6th China International New Wall-Building Materials, Equipment and Technology exhibition held in Beijing in May 2012, it can be seen that green building is becoming increasingly popular in China (GCiS, 2012). In fact the 12th Five-Year Plan states that by 2015, at least one billion of these should be built with eco-friendly building materials, and by 2020, green buildings will account for more than 30% of new construction (ACBW, 2012; Appendix 6; GCiS, 2012).However, with this novelty in green building rising and a lot more foreign producers developing products and technology in China so comes the problem of protecting intellectual property. Intellectual property protection is relatively new in the People’s Republic of China but its importance continues to rise (Wheare, 1998, p. 1) and it is often cited as an issue of concern for foreign parties in China (Ding, 1997; Liesch & McGaughey, 2000, p. 1; Massey, J. , 2006-2007; Vanhonacker & Pan, 1997). Traditionally the concept of protecting intellectual property did not have a strong hold in Chinese culture (Wei, 2000, p. 9), but China’s reformation of its national IP system to comply with the international standards set out through the WTO’s Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement has been a leap for the development of China’s view in regards to intellectual property (Wheare, 1998, p. 1). However, despite China’s accomplishments in IP protection and indications it will not become a â€Å"haven of piracy† it still considered one of the most risky places to do business (Folsom & Minan, 1989, p. 792; Liesch & McGaughey, 2000 p. 2).This is due to its relative novelty in the People’s Republic making certain segments of the population have only a rather vague understanding of the concept (Cohen et al. , 1996, p. 7). In the P. R. C the problem isn’t that they don’t have laws regulating IP protection. In fact they have laws for the protection of Patents, Copyright Infringement and Trademarks. However, the problem comes when trying to implement these laws (Yuan, 2004, p. 1) as Chinese civil enforcement procedures make it very difficult to protect high technology patents (Appendix 5; Kennedy and Clark, 2006; Zhang: 2010: 7).In addition an interesting fact to note is that People’s court may accept oral evidence but in practice they rarely accept or put weight on this type of evidence (Kennedy and Clark, 2006). Therefore, when dealing with foreign parties it is important to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy for protecting their technology interests (Greguras, 2007, p. 3; Norris, 2011, p. 58; Wheare, 1998, p. 159). If it is assumed this wall paneling company has already patented their product in Australia, under Australia’s Patent law the patent will las t for 20 years (ALRC, 2012).As the product is already being produced in Australia it can’t be patented in China. However, as China is part of WTO and is a signee on the TRIPS agreement, therefore they are politically and morally bound to recognise the Australian patent (ALRC, 2012; Article 27. 1 of TRIPS Agreement; WTO; 2012). As the producers in China will need to have the production know-how for the wall paneling, therefore there is risk of intellectual property theft. To try and protect the IP a license agreement for technology transfer could be considered.When setting up a technology transfer agreement, the Technology Transfer Regulations as stipulated in the China Laws for Foreign Business outlines in Article 2 six ways of technology acquisition (Appendix 2; Kluwer Law International, 2005). ————————————————- If licensing is chosen for the transfer of the patent and its technology in the Joint-Venture the usual licensing agreement is 10 years. However this is usually permitted to extend to the life of the Joint-Venture (Lewis, 1996, p. 67). The agreement involved will allow the Chinese producers to use the technological know-how with it returning to the licensor (the Australian side) once the Joint-Venture is terminated. However it must be noted that the general consensus in China is that technology and know-how belong to the licensee at the end of the term and the licensor should not be able to restrict the licensee in its use of this information (Jianhua & Williams, 1998, p. 167; Lewis, 1996, p. 167).Therefore despite many ways one can try and protect IP in China, the most important factor is to carry out due diligence and make sure that the knowhow has been protected as good as possible. The Issue of Dispute Resolution: Due to a difference in legal system, cultural values and business practices, China can be seen as a high risk business environment. In the case of any disputes a clear and understandable dispute resolution method and clause should be formed and included in the Joint-Venture contract (Wei, 2000, p. 154).It is crucial for JV parties to specify dispute resolution methods, applicable law and venue for resolving disputes (Chan & Suen, 2005). Under the law of the P. R. C, Sino foreign Joint-Ventures are allowed to select applicable law and the venue for the dispute resolution in their contractual clause and Chinese law is only an option in this case (Dobkin, 1988, 79-80; FECL 1985; Lewis J. 1996, p. 256; Wei, 2000. p. 156). However Article 25 of the Law on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint-Ventures (2005) provides that if a dispute arises, the dispute should be in first instance settled through friendly consultations to the extent possible.If such consultations fail then the dispute may be settled by arbitration or be referred to the People’s Court (Lewis J. 1996, p. 255) Therefore it is recommended that in light of any breaches of contract or party disputes the first step should be negotiation. Negotiation is not legally binding and can preserve the guanxi between both parties, whilst being the cheapest ADR method (Cheung and Suen, 2002; Dimatteo, 2003 p. 109). Also given the law states that friendly consultation should be the first step it should be the first method tried.However if not successful a relevant arbitration can be included in the contract. The P. R. C has a flexible approach regarding dispute resolution and it can take place in China or abroad according to Chinese rules or an international arbitration body (Lewis, 1996, p. 256). However, for this wall paneling company it is still recommended to have the arbitration carried out in China as cost is lower and it is more convenient and is enforceable (Dimatteo, 2003, 109). Many parties scared of using mainland Chinese arbitration rules have decided on arbitrating in Hong Kong.This is a great option for the wall panel ing company as Hong Kong has adopted the UNCITRAL model law on arbitration and is considered an international arbitration centre with highly developed infrastructure (Brandt & Tomson, 2012, p. 18; Dobkin, 1988, 79-80; HKIAC, 2004). In addition, Hong Kong will able to give better advice on foreign related matters in English making the process a lot smoother (Lewis, 1996, p. 257; Srivastava, 2002, 197). A possible dispute resolution clause that could be included in the contract can be viewed in Appendix 3. ————————————————-If Arbitration still has not produced any results litigation can be considered (Wei, 2000, p. 154) but in China it is usually viewed a s a last resort due to possible bias present in the courts and due to court proceeding being very lengthy and expensive and it’s also difficult to find lawyers competent to advise on foreign matters in English. Usual ly foreign parties will endeavour to ensure their disputes are resolved without Chinese courts as they are still unconfident because of the reported local protectionism (Bersani, 1994; Chan, 1997) The Issue of Language: ————————————————-Which language should be used in the Joint-Venture contract? When dealing with foreign parties there can sometimes be large language barriers. This problem can often be solved by having a clear language agreement stipulated in the contract. It is common practice to have the contract in both acting languages. Although this can be rather expensive, it may avoid some major problems that could arise in the future (Lewis, 1996, p. 31). The Issue of Termination: Chinese parties may be averted to agreeing with the public and formal ending of a Joint-Venture, not wanting to discuss the end before even beginning (Xu, 2008).However, sometimes, as the Chinese saying goes, the foreign party might find themselves in the ‘same bed’ as the Chinese but ‘with different dreams’. This is why a termination clause is very important. Despite the conventionality of this clause, it is still a grey area; the general practice is that foreign investors buy their way in and then buy their way out if the situation turns bad. Chinese parties have been known to play corporate blackmail with foreign investors as to block potential exit of the foreign party or to hold them liable for all losses (Xu, 2008).A Joint-Venture contract should have a detailed termination clause which outlines the events allowing parties to terminate their involvement. It should also state the duration of the Joint-Venture. (Dimatteo 2003) Some grounds for termination are as follows (Lewis, 1996, p. 257): 1. Expiration of the Joint-Venture term; 2. Inability to continue operations due to heavy losses; 3. Inability to continue operations due to the f ailure of one of the contracting parties to fulfill its contractual obligations; 4. Inability to continue operations to heavy losses caused by force majeure or; 5.Inability to attain the desired objectives of operations and the lack of future for development. Some other terms that may be included are set out in Appendix 4. *It is proposed that the tenure for this Joint-Venture should be set at an appropriate time so as to avoid the transfer of intellectual property. This time should be before the patent protection runs out and before the licensing agreement runs out. —————————————————————————————————————————————– AppendicesAppendix 1: Business Structures in China (Yu wa Wei, 2000, Investing in China. p. 169) Appendix 2: China Business Law Guide 2005 a) The assignment of patent rights; b) The assignment of the rights to apply for patents c) The licensing of patent exploitation; d) The assignment of technical secrets; e) The provision of technical services; and f) Other forms of transfer of technology. Appendix 3: Dispute Resolution Clause In the event of any dispute arising under this contract, the parties shall first make all necessary efforts to settle the dispute through friendly consultation.If it is impossible to settle the dispute in this way then the matter shall be submitted to arbitration before the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (Lewis, 1996, P. 255). Appendix 4: Grounds for Termination (Frenkel, 1998) 1. Failure of a participant to make require capital contribution; 2. Failure of a participant to obtain necessary government approvals; 3. Failure of the venture to reach a pre-agreed level of profitability; 4. Management dead lock; 5. Failure of one partner to purchase the shares of another. (Buy-Sell agreement); 6. An adverse and debilitating change in the law; 7.Bankruptcy or insolvency of the Joint-Venture. In relation to IP even if there is a clear termination clause and licensing agreement relating to the breach for the use of IP and know how as mentioned before the general consensus in China is that licensed IP will be able to be used once the license agreement has ended by the licensee. This means that despite efforts to protect IP, there is still a possibility of a breach and this should be understood as China’s cultural view is different and they still have a developing legal system in relation to this problem. Appendix 5: Key Issues in Enforcing IP Law (Kennedy, G. amp; Clark. D, 2006) The key issues are: 1. Civil procedure law puts a strong burden on plaintiffs to prove their case. There are no rules specifically shifting the burden of proof if a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case. This can make it very difficult to prove that a high technology patent has been infringed, or a trade secret has been misappropriated. (Article 125, Contracting Law) 2. There is no discovery in civil proceedings. Parties are only required to submit evidence that assists their case. Without discovery, it can be extremely difficult to prove a case. Article 125, Contracting Law) 3. Oral evidence is very rarely accepted in civil proceedings (63 and 72 of Civil Procedure Law) – oral evidence of misbehaviour by an employee will thus be very hard to use. Appendix 6: Expected Growth of China Green Buildings (MOHURD, GCiS). Reference List 1. Austrade, 2012, Building Materials to China, Available at . Accessed on 22/10/2012. 2. Australian Business Forum (ACBW), 2012, China to Boost construction of Green Building. May 7th. Available at . Accessed on 23/10/2012. 3. Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), 2012, Duration of Patent Protection, Australian Government. Available at . Accessed on 25/09/2012. 4. Brandt, M. & Tomson, K. , 2012, Hong Kong's state and crown immunity: immunity for state-owned enterprises? Published by SNR Consulting and Legal Services, Hong Kong. 5. Chan, E. H. W ; Suen, H. C.H, 2005, Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China, Management Decision, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 589-602. 6. Cheung, S. O, and Suen, C. H, 2002, A multi-attribute utility model for dispute resolution strategy selection. Construction Management Economy, Issue No. 20, 557-568. 7. Chinese Civil Procedure Law 1991. Available at ;http://www. China. org. cn/english/government/207343. htm;. Accessed on 16/10/2012. 8. Chinese Contract Law of 1999, in The New Contract Law in the People’s Republic of China and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: A Brief Comparison by Zhang, Y.Q. ; Huang, D. H. Available at ;http://www. unidroit. org/english/publications/review/articles/2000-3-zhang-e. pdf;. Accessed on 14/09/2012. 9. Chinese Law on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint-Ventures, 2005. Available at ;http://www. hecpb. gov. cn/english/news/display. php? id=1;. Accessed on 15/10/2012. 10. Chinese Patent Law 1984 as amended on 1 July 2001 and its Implementing Rules. 11. Coale, M. T. B. , 2001-2002, Stabilisation clauses in International Petroleum Transactions. Denver Journal of International Legislation and Policy, 222. 12. Cohen, M. A. , Bang, A. E. , Mitchell, S.J. ,1999, Chinese Intellectual Property Law and Practice. Kluwer Law International. The Hague, The Netherlands. 13. Dimatteo, L. A, 2003, The Law of International Business Transactions, Thomson Learning. USA. 14. Ding, D. Z. , 1997, Control, conflict and performance: A study of US – Chinese Joint-Ventures. Journal of International Marketing, 5(3): 31–45. 15. Dobkin, J. A. , 1988, International Technology Joint-Ventures in the Countries of the Pacific Rim, Butterworths, United States. 16. Frenkel, W. G. , 1998, Legal Protection ag ainst Risks Involved in Doing Business in the Republics of the Former U.S. S. R. International Quarterly (10), 395, 467. 17. Folsom, R. H. , ; Mina, J. H. , 1989, Law in the People’s Republic of China: Commentary, readings and Materials. Martinus Nijhoff. 18. Gao, Y. F, 1989, Economic Contract Law in China, in Ralph H Folsom and John H Minan (eds. ), Law in the People’s Republic of China: Commentary, Readings and Materials. Martinus Nijhoff. 19. GCiS China Strategic Research, 2012, Green and Eco Friendly Materials Are the Latest Spotlight in China’s Construction Market. Available at ;http://www. gcis. com. n/GCiS%20Commentary/Green%20and%20Eco%20Friendly%20Materials%20Are%20the%20Latest%20Spotlight%20in%20China%27s%20Construction%20Market. htm;. Accessed on 22/10/2012. 20. Gelatt, T. A, 1989, China's New Cooperative Joint-Venture Law, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce. 15, 2; p. 187. 21. Gomes-Casseres, B. , 1989, Ownership structures of foreign subsidiaries: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 11: 1-25. 22. Greguras, F. , 2007, Intellectual Property Strategy and Best Practices for R & D Services in China, Published by Compensation Law & Securities. 3. Hong Kong international Arbitration centre (HKIAC), 2004, Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Home page. Available at . Accessed on 25/09/2012. 24. Jianhua, Z. & Williams, M. , 1998, Foreign Trade and Contract Law in China, Published by Sweet & Maxwell Asia Hong Kong. 25. Kennedy, G. & Clark, D, 2006, Outsourcing to China – Risks and benefits, Computer Law & Security Review, Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 250–253. 26. Kluwer Law International, 2005, China Business Law Guide (First Edition), The Hague, The Netherlands. 27.Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign-related Economic Contracts(FECL), 1985, Available at ; http://www. fdi. gov. cn/pub/FDI_EN/Laws/GeneralLawsandRegulations/BasicLaws/P020060620319304687511. pdf;. Accessed on 24/10/2012 28. Lewis, D. J, 1996, The Life and Death of a Joint-Venture in China. Asia Law ; Practice Publishing Ltd and Euromoney (Jersey) Ltd. Hong Kong. 29. Liesch, P. W ; McGaughey, S. L, 2000, An Unconventional Approach to Intellectual Property Protection: The Case of an Australian Firm Transferring Shipbuilding Technologies to China. Journal of World Business 35(1). 30. Massey, J.A. , 2006-2007, The Emperor Is Far away: China's Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Chicago Journal of International Law, 231 (7). 31. Nee, O. D. , 1992, Chapter in Joint-Ventures in East Asia: Legal Issues by Jacques Buhart, Graham and Trotman, London. 32. Norris, J. T. , 2011 – January, China Foreign Direct Investment: Greenfield, Mergers & Acquisition, Or Joint-Venture. The International Business and Economics Research Journal (10) (1). 33. Rules for Implementation of Chinese Joint-Venture Law (RICJVL), 1995. Available at http://www. asianlii. org/cn/legis/c en/laws/drftiotscjv805/.Accessed on 03/10/2012. 34. Smith, J. IP Protection in China – Practical Strategies (Second Edition), 1998, Asia Law & Practice Publishing Ltd and Euromoney (Jersey) Ltd. Hong Kong. 35. Srivastava, D. , 2002, Business Law in Hong Kong, Published by Sweet & Maxwell Asia Hong Kong. 36. Vanhonacker, W. R. , & Pan, Y, 1997, The impact of national culture, business scope and geographic location on Joint-Venture operations in China. Journal of International Marketing, 5(3): 11–30. 37. Wei, Yuwa, 2000, Investing in China: The Law and Practice of Joint-Ventures, The Federation Press, Sydney.

Oliver Stone’s Alexander and it’s Accuracy in portraying Alexander the Great Essay

The 2004 film Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone, depicts the life of Alexander the Great. This essay will discuss the accuracy of Oliver Stone’s artistic vision in this depiction of Alexander’s life and achievements. The discussion will focus on: Alexander’s 7 year campaign, particularly its battles; his relationship with others, including his sexuality within the film; and the legacy Alexander and his armies left on the world. Historically, there are many omissions within Oliver Stone’s Alexander, however, the majority of these are accounted for through Stone’s artistic vision. Many minor campaigns during the 7 year period were completely left out, and only two battles were shown throughout the movie. Within these two battles, many major components of other battles were in some way conflated so as to equate to having experienced those battles as well, since if Stone were to include every battle, not only would the film be far longer than its current form, but it would also have required a much larger budget. This absence of battles is the major inaccuracy in Stone’s Alexander. Whilst Stone only conveys two battles in the movie, history conveys that Alexander participated in a vast quantity of battles, pitched battles as well as sieges, throughout the 7 year march. Stone choice in depicting only these two battles of the many others was through his aim to convey the key points of Alexanders major campaigns in a condensed form as possible. Whilst the battles themselves were inaccurate, many of these inaccuracies were choices of Stone’s. The main inaccuracy for the the Battle of Gaugemela, the first battle depicted in Alexander, is the Persian army itself. Alexander shows them as a disorganised rabble, when, historically, the Persians would have been exceedingly well organised. Members of the Persian army would have had uniforms, rather than the variable clothing they wore, and musicians would play so that the army would march in rank. Conversely, many of the events before, during and after the battle were accurate. For example, before the battle, the night before in the tent where Alexander converses with his generals, he is urged to make a night attack and steal a victory: Alexander, if we must fight, do so with stealth. Use your numbers well; we should attack tonight when they least expect us†. Alexander refuses. This conversation is accurate in at least it’s meaning, as is recorded by Arrian: â€Å"It is said that Parmenio came to him in his tent, and urged him to make a night attack on the Persians†¦ but the reply which he made to him†¦ was that it would be mean to steal a victory† (Arrian, Book 3, Section 10). The conversation is as such a recorded event, and though Stone changed dialogues, the meaning behind each is the same. The major inaccuracy in the Battle of Hydaspes, the second battle, is that it takes place in a jungled terrain, fighting the people of India. In historical fact, the Battle of Hydaspes occurred on a open plain. Stone is said to have chosen the location of the battle to be in a forest as a contrast to the Battle of Gaugemela, which also occurred on a plain. Arrian records the battle to have taken place near the river Hydaspes, with Alexander making a secret crossing in the night, however Alexander makes no mention of the crossing, or even of the existence of the river. Arrian also mentions that the the forces from both armies were split, but the film shows no evidence of this. A second inaccuracy was the conflict between the leader of the Indian army and Alexander. According to reports by Arrian, Alexander never confronted nor charged the king of the Indians as is shown in the film, but instead treated him with dignity and honour, eventually giving him the rule over a large territory. Nor did Bucephalus die from the major wound as shown in Alexander, but from old age and minor wounds he sustained throughout his life. The film shows Alexander charging the king, and Buchephalus saving his master’s life at the cost of his own. This was most likely done as a method to increase the dramatic effect of the scene, but also as a method of including another major battle in Alexander’s timeline, the siege of Malli. Within the battles depicted in Alexander, Stone directed minor changes in the factuality of battle events. For example, he depicts Alexander being gravely wounded in the Battle of Hydaspes. This grave wounding of Alexander occurred later, at the siege of Malli. This event is combined into the Battle of Hydaspes to portray more of Alexander’s history, and those knowledgeable of it could notice and appreciate this and other acknowledgements of history even though they aren’t accurate. Apart from the battles, there were other events of history or legend in Alexander’s life which are not represented. For example, the Gordian knot. This well known legend of Alexander slicing open the untie-able knot with his sword and its linked prophecy of ruling Asia is not included. This may be because the truth is not known of the event, whether Alexander cut it, pulled apart what it was tied to and then untying it or whether it existed at all, although there is evidence that it existed. Apart from these events not included or merely conflated there are portion of Alexander in which the way Alexander is depicted historically, or not as the case may be. To the points where it was inaccurate, Alexander is scripted throughout his speeches to encourage his men in their campaign to conquer the world. These scripts lead to him being given a purpose behind the campaign, that of a â€Å"brotherhood of man†. Historically, there is no evidence to this. Alexander was known to merely have conquered because he could, â€Å"a brilliant commander traveling an endless path of conquest† (Eugene N. Borza, Movie Commentary: Alexander, page 4). The personality of Alexander is almost completely unknown, and as historians we are unable to characterise what made him the charismatic leader capable of leading his armies on his 7 year march. Another aspect of Alexander’s personality was his relationships with individuals. The film shows intense relationships with his mother and father, as well as childhood friend Hephaistion. Alexander’s relationship with his mother and father both vary throughout the film, but focus mostly on pleasing his mother and either avenging or surpassing his father. During his early life, Alexander is shown very close to his mother, with her urging him on to succeed and whispering propaganda in his ear against his father, while Alexander is taught to be a leader through the actions of his father. Later on, he grows separate from both, however influenced by them tremendously. For example, when Philip dies, Alexander falls into a rage, even though he had fallen out recently with his father in a drink influenced conflict, and it embitters him against his mother, this bitterness continuing into the film. Further, in developing the relationship with Hephaistion, Stone also spends a lot of time enforcing the point that Alexander is bi-sexual, through the homoerotic subtext, though this was not limited to Hephaistion but incorporated others within the film. Whilst this may have been the case in history, as in Ancient Greece sexuality was merely a matter of course, and you were either sexual or you weren’t, without vastly distinguishing between the genders, Stone pushes the limits of this concept in order to outline a known part of Alexanders life. It is known that Alexander had at least two male physical relationships, and this may have pushed Stone into depicting the sexuality of Alexander, though in contrast to the homosexual relationships, Alexander’s relationship with his first wife Roxanne was inaccurate and over-zealous. Roxanne, his first wife, is historically known as a devoted wife and mother, rather than as the character displayed in Alexander (Eugene N. Borza, Movie Commentary: Alexander, page 3). In all, Oliver Stone’s depiction of Alexander in his film Alexander has both accuracy and inaccuracy. The major inaccuracies was the events, or lack thereof, as Oliver Stone either chose not to or was not able to include them, whilst the main accuracies of the film were the inclusion of key points in Alexander’s life and relationships. Alexander shows some of Alexander and his armies impact on the world, and it is a well researched attempt at conveying the incredible life of Alexander the Great accurately.

Find out about Marks ans spencer and its competitors to write a review Essay

Find out about Marks ans spencer and its competitors to write a review of the company's environmental management - Essay Example The region is populated with an estimated 5.3 billion of populace based with 84% of them are located in urban centers (Index Mundi, 2013, p. 1). The presence of these diverse and multicultural consumers and its relative economic affluence compared to other emerging countries, are opportunities for business chain to undertake corporate operation. Mark and Spencer sell clothes, food, home needs, and other products, has it main center based in UK and has varied offshore operations including chains in advanced countries. The company relies on its core corporate values: quality, value, service, innovation and trust (M & S, 2012a, p. 2). Its subsidiary company at UK also contributed to the ? 9.9 bn group revenue in 2012, underlying group operating profit of ? 810.0 m. As a leading retailer, it sourced its products responsibly from 2,000 suppliers globally (M & S, 2012a, p. 2). Central to its business operation since 2007 is the drive to address ecological concerns and social inequities by upholding a healthier and sustainable lifestyle (M & S, 2012b, p. 1). The company prided of integrating sustainability in managing its business by providing such framework of governance that is focused on environmental management systems (M & S, 2012b, p. 1). What is environmental management system? The US Environmental Protection Agency (2013) defined Environmental Management System (EMS) as a quality control mechanism designed to enable an organization to practice set of rules and behaviors that will reduce and mitigate environmental destruction to scale up its operating efficiency (p. 1). Such framework encourages companies to attain environmental objectives by employing environmental plans, goals, and protectionism campaigns as part of its operational mandates in management, for customers, for human resources, including its suppliers (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). This extols the assumption that employing environmental management control will likewise gain social acceptance and hence impr ove the corporate financial sustainability of the organization (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). This is also presumed that the EMS is also aligned and is consistent to company’s goals and business practices (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). Experts likewise posit that this internal and external regulatory approach requires stringent compliance to reduce risks, hazards, and to ensure cost-efficient business operation (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). This is also to address the call of our times amid the devastating impact of climate change and the need to respond for ecological protection (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). It also provided remedies to unregulated issues like problems on energy conservation, quality operational control and the importance of corporate stewardship (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). Thus under this framework, the company develops its own environmental goals based on ecological and legal basis; form its own environmental objectives, increase employees competence. EPA encourages company to have an environmental p olicy as its foundational plan to attain targeted environmental performance and outcomes (USEPA, 2013, p. 1). These blue prints are implemented and became subject of an evaluation at the end of every cycle of to determine it has improve its corporate social relations, it is has positively impacted